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''Meloidogyne arenaria'' is a plant pathogenic nematode. This nematode is also known as the ''peanut root knot nematode''. The word "''Meloidogyne''" is derived from two Greek words that mean “apple-shaped” and “female”. 〔Howard Ferris 1999 to 2011 http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/G076S1.htm.〕 The peanut root knot nematode, ''M. arenaria'' is one of the “major” ''Meloidogyne'' species because of its worldwide economic importance.〔 Chitwood, 1949 (Neal, 1889) Meloidogyne arenaria. http://nematode.unl.edu/wormaren.htm〕 ''M. arenaria'' is a predominant nematode species in the United States attacking peanut in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Texas.〔J. L. Starr and E. R. Morgan, Management of the Peanut Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria, with Host Resistance. Department of Plant Pathology, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2132, College Station http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/management/rootknot/〕 The most damaging nematode species for peanut in the USA is ''M. arenaria'' race 1 and losses can exceed 50% in severely infested fields.〔K. Proite, R. Carneiro R. Falcão, A. Gomes S. Leal-Bertioli P. Guimarães and D. Bertioli, 2008. Post-infection development and histopathology of Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 on Arachis spp.〕 Among the several ''Meloidogyne'' species that have been characterized, ''M. arenaria'' is the most variable both morphologically and cytologically.〔 In 1949, two races of this nematode had been identified, race 1 which reproduces on peanut and race 2 which cannot do so.〔 However, in a recent study, three races were described (races 1, 2, and 3).〔Laura Evangelina Garci´a,1 Mari´a Virginia Sa´ nchez-Puerta, 2012. Characterization of a Root-Knot Nematode Population of Meloidogyne arenaria from Tupungato (Mendoza, Argentina)〕 López-Pérez et al (2011) had also studied populations of ''M. arenaria'' race 2, which reproduces on tomato plants carrying the ''Mi'' gene and race 3, which reproduces on both resistant pepper and tomato.〔 J. A. López-Pérez , M. Escuer , M. A. Díez-Rojo, L. Robertson, A. Piedra Buena, J. López-Cepero, and A. Bello, 2011. Host range of Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) in Spain.〕 == History of ''M. arenaria'' == ''M. arenaria'' has the same history as the other root knot nematodes. ''Meloidogyne'' spp were originally grouped together with the cyst nematodes (''Heterodera'' spp) but they were later separated after they were confirmed to be significantly different from each other. The changes that were made when discovering ''Meloidogyne'' spp of nematodes are described below; *1855 - Reverend Miles Joseph Berkeley (clergyman) noted galls on cucumbers in greenhouse in England. This was the first official report of nematodes that caused galls on plant roots. *1871 - Schmidt described ''Heterodera schactii'' the sugarbeet cyst nematode. *1872 - Greeff described ''Anguillula radicicola'' – a nematode that caused galls on cereals and grasses but this was actually ''Ditylenchus'' and not a root knot nematode. *1879 - Cornu - described a root-knot nematode as ''Anguillula marioni'' . *1884 - Muller decided root-knot nematode was the same as Greeff's root-galling nematode and that both should be ''Heterodera''- ''Heterodera radicicola''. *1887 - Goeldi - Brazil - described a root knot on coffee - ''Meloidogyne exigua''. *1932 - Goodey - decided that use of ''Heterodera radicicola'' was incorrect according to International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature as original ''H. radicicola'' was not a root-knot nematode. He renamed it ''Heterodera marioni''. *1949 – Chitwood removed them from ''Heterodera'' because they differed from cyst nematodes. Since the oldest name for the genus was Goeldi's ''Meloidogyne exigua'', that name had precedence. Chitwood described five species based on perineal patterns, ''M. arenaria'' being one of the five.〔 Howard Ferris, 1999 to 2012 http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/G076.HTM#Feeding〕 == Distribution of ''M. arenaria'' == Crop damage by this nematode is mostly faced in warmer regions and it is rarely found in areas where the average monthly temperatures approach freezing.〔 The peanut root knot nematode, race 1 is found in all areas where peanuts are grown.〔 K. Evans, D.L. Trudgill, J. M. Webster, 1993. Plant parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture pp 228 – 231.〕 == Economic importance == The peanut root-knot nematode is the most serious nematode pest of the crop and questionably the most serious soil-borne disease problem. For example, the nematode is present in almost all fields where the crop is grown in Florida and economic damage is estimated to occur in greater than 50% of these fields. Individual peanut fields heavily infested with the root-knot nematode have sustained yield losses greater than 75%. In addition to causing considerable damage alone, it also increases the severity and incidence of other soil-borne diseases such as southern stem rot and Cylindrocladium blackrot.〔Jim Rich and Barry Tillman, 2009. Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in Peanut.〕 ''M. arenaria'' is C-rated pest in California.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Meloidogyne arenaria」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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